LINUX A TO Z BASIC COMMANDS
Here are some linux commands for you so you can make your hands more and more dirty with ubuntu terminal.
A-Z Index of the Bash command line for Linux
A
alias Create an alias
•apropos Search Help manual pages (man -k)apt-get Search for and install softwarepackages (Debian/Ubuntu)aptitude Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)aspell Spell Checkerawk Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index
B
basename Strip directory and suffix from filenamesbash GNU Bourne-Again SHellbc Arbitrary precision calculator languagebg Send to backgroundbreak Exit from a loop •builtin Run a shell builtinbzip2 Compress or decompress name
C
cal Display a calendarcase Conditionally perform a commandcat Concatenate and print (display) the content of filescd Change Directorycfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linuxchgrp Change group ownershipchmod Change access permissionschown Change file owner and groupchroot Run a command with a different root directorychkconfig System services (runlevel)cksum Print CRC checksum and bytecountsclear Clear terminal screencmp Compare two filescomm Compare two sorted files line by linecommand Run a command - ignoring shell functions •continue Resume the next iteration of a loop •cp Copy one or more files to another locationcron Daemon to execute scheduled commandscrontab Schedule a command to run at a later timecsplit Split a file into context-determined piecescut Divide a file into several parts
D
date Display or change the date & timedc Desk Calculatordd Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot recordsddrescue Data recovery tooldeclare Declare variables and give them attributes •df Display free disk spacediff Display the differences between two filesdiff3 Show differences among three filesdig DNS lookupdir Briefly list directory contentsdircolors Colour setup for `ls'dirname Convert a full pathname to just a pathdirs Display list of remembered directoriesdmesg Print kernel & driver messagesdu Estimate file space usage
E
echo Display message on screen •egrep Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expressioneject Eject removable mediaenable Enable and disable builtin shellcommands •env Environment variablesethtool Ethernet card settingseval Evaluate several commands/argumentsexec Execute a commandexit Exit the shellexpect Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminalexpand Convert tabs to spacesexport Set an environment variableexpr Evaluate expressions
F
false Do nothing, unsuccessfullyfdformat Low-level format a floppy diskfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linuxfg Send job to foregroundfgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed stringfile Determine file typefind Search for files that meet a desired criteriafmt Reformat paragraph textfold Wrap text to fit a specified width.for Expand words, and execute commandsformat Format disks or tapesfree Display memory usagefsck File system consistency check and repairftp File Transfer Protocolfunction Define Function Macrosfuser Identify/kill the process that is accessing a fileGgawk Find and Replace text within file(s)getopts Parse positional parametersgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a given patterngroupadd Add a user security groupgroupdel Delete a groupgroupmod Modify a groupgroups Print group names a user is ingzip Compress or decompress named file(s)Hhash Remember the full pathname of a name argumenthead Output the first part of file(s)help Display help for a built-in command •history Command Historyhostname Print or set system nameIiconv Convert the character set of a fileid Print user and group id'sif Conditionally perform a commandifconfig Configure a network interfaceifdown Stop a network interfaceifup Start a network interface upimport Capture an X server screen and save the image to fileinstall Copy files and set attributesJjobs List active jobs •join Join lines on a common fieldKkill Stop a process from runningkillall Kill processes by nameLless Display output one screen at a timelet Perform arithmetic on shell variables •link Create a link to a fileln Create a symbolic link to a filelocal Create variables •locate Find fileslogname Print current login namelogout Exit a login shell •look Display lines beginning with a given stringlpc Line printer control programlpr Off line printlprint Print a filelprintd Abort a print joblprintq List the print queuelprm Remove jobs from the print queuels List information about file(s)lsof List open filesMmake Recompile a group of programsman Help manualmkdir Create new folder(s)mkfifo Make FIFOs (named pipes)mkisofs Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystemmknod Make block or character special filesmore Display output one screen at atimemount Mount a file systemmtools Manipulate MS-DOS filesmtr Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping)mv Move or rename files or directoriesmmv Mass Move and rename (files)Nnetstat Networking informationnice Set the priority of a command or jobnl Number lines and write filesnohup Run a command immune to hangupsnotify-send Send desktop notificationsnslookup Query Internet name servers interactivelyOopen Open a file in its default applicationop Operator accessPpasswd Modify a user passwordpaste Merge lines of filespathchk Check file name portabilityping Test a network connectionpkill Stop processes from runningpopd Restore the previous value of the current directorypr Prepare files for printingprintcap Printer capability databaseprintenv Print environment variablesprintf Format and print data •ps Process statuspushd Save and then change the current directorypwd Print Working DirectoryQquota Display disk usage and limitsquotacheck Scan a file system for disk usagequotactl Set disk quotasRram ram disk devicercp Copy files between two machinesread Read a line from standard input•readarray Read from stdin into an array variable •readonly Mark variables/functions as readonlyreboot Reboot the systemrename Rename filesrenice Alter priority of running processesremsync Synchronize remote files via emailreturn Exit a shell functionrev Reverse lines of a filerm Remove filesrmdir Remove folder(s)rsync Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)Sscreen Multiplex terminal, run remoteshells via sshscp Secure copy (remote file copy)sdiff Merge two files interactivelysed Stream Editorselect Accept keyboard inputseq Print numeric sequencesset Manipulate shell variables and functionssftp Secure File Transfer Programshift Shift positional parametersshopt Shell Optionsshutdown Shutdown or restart linuxsleep Delay for a specified timeslocate Find filessort Sort text filessource Run commands from a file '.'split Split a file into fixed-size piecesssh Secure Shell client (remote login program)strace Trace system calls and signalssu Substitute user identitysudo Execute a command as another usersum Print a checksum for a filesuspend Suspend execution of this shell •sync Synchronize data on disk with memoryTtail Output the last part of filetar Tape ARchivertee Redirect output to multiple filestest Evaluate a conditional expressiontime Measure Program running timetimeout Run a command with a time limittimes User and system timestouch Change file timestampstop List processes running on the systemtraceroute Trace Route to Hosttrap Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)tr Translate, squeeze, and/or deletecharacterstrue Do nothing, successfullytsort Topological sorttty Print filename of terminal on stdintype Describe a command •Uulimit Limit user resources •umask Users file creation maskumount Unmount a deviceunalias Remove an alias •uname Print system informationunexpand Convert spaces to tabsuniq Uniquify filesunits Convert units from one scale to anotherunset Remove variable or function namesunshar Unpack shell archive scriptsuntil Execute commands (until error)uptime Show uptimeuseradd Create new user accountuserdel Delete a user accountusermod Modify user accountusers List users currently logged inuuencode Encode a binary fileuudecode Decode a file created by uuencodeVv Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')vdir Verbosely list directory contents(`ls -l -b')vi Text Editorvmstat Report virtual memory statisticsWwait Wait for a process to complete •watch Execute/display a program periodicallywc Print byte, word, and line countswhereis Search the user's $path, manpages and source files for a programwhich Search the user's $path for a program filewhile Execute commandswho Print all usernames currently logged inwhoami Print the current user id and name (`id -un')wget Retrieve web pages or files viaHTTP, HTTPS or FTPwrite Send a message to another userXxargs Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)xdg-open Open a file or URL in the user's preferred application.yes Print a string until interrupted. Run a command script in the current shell
A-Z Index of the Bash command line for Linux
A
alias Create an alias
•apropos Search Help manual pages (man -k)apt-get Search for and install softwarepackages (Debian/Ubuntu)aptitude Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)aspell Spell Checkerawk Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index
B
basename Strip directory and suffix from filenamesbash GNU Bourne-Again SHellbc Arbitrary precision calculator languagebg Send to backgroundbreak Exit from a loop •builtin Run a shell builtinbzip2 Compress or decompress name
C
cal Display a calendarcase Conditionally perform a commandcat Concatenate and print (display) the content of filescd Change Directorycfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linuxchgrp Change group ownershipchmod Change access permissionschown Change file owner and groupchroot Run a command with a different root directorychkconfig System services (runlevel)cksum Print CRC checksum and bytecountsclear Clear terminal screencmp Compare two filescomm Compare two sorted files line by linecommand Run a command - ignoring shell functions •continue Resume the next iteration of a loop •cp Copy one or more files to another locationcron Daemon to execute scheduled commandscrontab Schedule a command to run at a later timecsplit Split a file into context-determined piecescut Divide a file into several parts
D
date Display or change the date & timedc Desk Calculatordd Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot recordsddrescue Data recovery tooldeclare Declare variables and give them attributes •df Display free disk spacediff Display the differences between two filesdiff3 Show differences among three filesdig DNS lookupdir Briefly list directory contentsdircolors Colour setup for `ls'dirname Convert a full pathname to just a pathdirs Display list of remembered directoriesdmesg Print kernel & driver messagesdu Estimate file space usage
E
echo Display message on screen •egrep Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expressioneject Eject removable mediaenable Enable and disable builtin shellcommands •env Environment variablesethtool Ethernet card settingseval Evaluate several commands/argumentsexec Execute a commandexit Exit the shellexpect Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminalexpand Convert tabs to spacesexport Set an environment variableexpr Evaluate expressions
F
false Do nothing, unsuccessfullyfdformat Low-level format a floppy diskfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linuxfg Send job to foregroundfgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed stringfile Determine file typefind Search for files that meet a desired criteriafmt Reformat paragraph textfold Wrap text to fit a specified width.for Expand words, and execute commandsformat Format disks or tapesfree Display memory usagefsck File system consistency check and repairftp File Transfer Protocolfunction Define Function Macrosfuser Identify/kill the process that is accessing a fileGgawk Find and Replace text within file(s)getopts Parse positional parametersgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a given patterngroupadd Add a user security groupgroupdel Delete a groupgroupmod Modify a groupgroups Print group names a user is ingzip Compress or decompress named file(s)Hhash Remember the full pathname of a name argumenthead Output the first part of file(s)help Display help for a built-in command •history Command Historyhostname Print or set system nameIiconv Convert the character set of a fileid Print user and group id'sif Conditionally perform a commandifconfig Configure a network interfaceifdown Stop a network interfaceifup Start a network interface upimport Capture an X server screen and save the image to fileinstall Copy files and set attributesJjobs List active jobs •join Join lines on a common fieldKkill Stop a process from runningkillall Kill processes by nameLless Display output one screen at a timelet Perform arithmetic on shell variables •link Create a link to a fileln Create a symbolic link to a filelocal Create variables •locate Find fileslogname Print current login namelogout Exit a login shell •look Display lines beginning with a given stringlpc Line printer control programlpr Off line printlprint Print a filelprintd Abort a print joblprintq List the print queuelprm Remove jobs from the print queuels List information about file(s)lsof List open filesMmake Recompile a group of programsman Help manualmkdir Create new folder(s)mkfifo Make FIFOs (named pipes)mkisofs Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystemmknod Make block or character special filesmore Display output one screen at atimemount Mount a file systemmtools Manipulate MS-DOS filesmtr Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping)mv Move or rename files or directoriesmmv Mass Move and rename (files)Nnetstat Networking informationnice Set the priority of a command or jobnl Number lines and write filesnohup Run a command immune to hangupsnotify-send Send desktop notificationsnslookup Query Internet name servers interactivelyOopen Open a file in its default applicationop Operator accessPpasswd Modify a user passwordpaste Merge lines of filespathchk Check file name portabilityping Test a network connectionpkill Stop processes from runningpopd Restore the previous value of the current directorypr Prepare files for printingprintcap Printer capability databaseprintenv Print environment variablesprintf Format and print data •ps Process statuspushd Save and then change the current directorypwd Print Working DirectoryQquota Display disk usage and limitsquotacheck Scan a file system for disk usagequotactl Set disk quotasRram ram disk devicercp Copy files between two machinesread Read a line from standard input•readarray Read from stdin into an array variable •readonly Mark variables/functions as readonlyreboot Reboot the systemrename Rename filesrenice Alter priority of running processesremsync Synchronize remote files via emailreturn Exit a shell functionrev Reverse lines of a filerm Remove filesrmdir Remove folder(s)rsync Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)Sscreen Multiplex terminal, run remoteshells via sshscp Secure copy (remote file copy)sdiff Merge two files interactivelysed Stream Editorselect Accept keyboard inputseq Print numeric sequencesset Manipulate shell variables and functionssftp Secure File Transfer Programshift Shift positional parametersshopt Shell Optionsshutdown Shutdown or restart linuxsleep Delay for a specified timeslocate Find filessort Sort text filessource Run commands from a file '.'split Split a file into fixed-size piecesssh Secure Shell client (remote login program)strace Trace system calls and signalssu Substitute user identitysudo Execute a command as another usersum Print a checksum for a filesuspend Suspend execution of this shell •sync Synchronize data on disk with memoryTtail Output the last part of filetar Tape ARchivertee Redirect output to multiple filestest Evaluate a conditional expressiontime Measure Program running timetimeout Run a command with a time limittimes User and system timestouch Change file timestampstop List processes running on the systemtraceroute Trace Route to Hosttrap Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)tr Translate, squeeze, and/or deletecharacterstrue Do nothing, successfullytsort Topological sorttty Print filename of terminal on stdintype Describe a command •Uulimit Limit user resources •umask Users file creation maskumount Unmount a deviceunalias Remove an alias •uname Print system informationunexpand Convert spaces to tabsuniq Uniquify filesunits Convert units from one scale to anotherunset Remove variable or function namesunshar Unpack shell archive scriptsuntil Execute commands (until error)uptime Show uptimeuseradd Create new user accountuserdel Delete a user accountusermod Modify user accountusers List users currently logged inuuencode Encode a binary fileuudecode Decode a file created by uuencodeVv Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')vdir Verbosely list directory contents(`ls -l -b')vi Text Editorvmstat Report virtual memory statisticsWwait Wait for a process to complete •watch Execute/display a program periodicallywc Print byte, word, and line countswhereis Search the user's $path, manpages and source files for a programwhich Search the user's $path for a program filewhile Execute commandswho Print all usernames currently logged inwhoami Print the current user id and name (`id -un')wget Retrieve web pages or files viaHTTP, HTTPS or FTPwrite Send a message to another userXxargs Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)xdg-open Open a file or URL in the user's preferred application.yes Print a string until interrupted. Run a command script in the current shell
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